If you have been reading about PPARδ agonist and want a single page that covers the useful parts, this is it: definitions, context, how it is studied, and the questions that come up repeatedly.
Updated 2025-09-09. Numbers and descriptions here follow the published literature rather than marketing material.
In laboratory settings, cardarine is studied as a tool compound for probing PPARδ biology. Published experiments often use cell cultures, rodent models, or isolated tissues. Some investigations focus on metabolic effects, while others assess potential risks such as carcinogenicity observed in long-term animal studies. Because human trials are sparse, most knowledge comes from preclinical work and adverse event reports. Scientific literature frequently notes the gap between animal findings and human outcomes. The compound is not a dietary supplement and is not intended for human consumption.
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic compound developed in the 1990s through research collaborations involving GlaxoSmithKline. It belongs to a class of molecules known as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta agonists. Early studies explored its effects on lipid metabolism and energy expenditure in animal models. The compound was never approved as a human medicine, and clinical development was discontinued. In the years since, it has appeared in fitness and bodybuilding communities as a performance-enhancing substance. Regulatory agencies classify it as an unapproved drug.
PPARδ is a nuclear receptor that regulates gene expression related to fatty acid oxidation, glucose homeostasis, and mitochondrial function. GW501516 binds to this receptor with high affinity and activates downstream signaling in skeletal muscle and other tissues. Animal studies reported increased endurance and altered fuel preference, but human data remain limited and inconsistent. The precise relationship between receptor activation and observed physiological changes is still an area of active investigation. Researchers have also examined whether the compound affects inflammation or cell proliferation. No approved therapeutic indication exists for cardarine.
Safety discussions about cardarine frequently cite rodent carcinogenicity findings reported in the 2000s. In those studies, treated animals developed tumors at multiple sites, leading sponsors to discontinue clinical development. The relevance of these findings to humans has not been resolved, but they are a major reason the compound is not approved. Current literature emphasizes uncertainty about long-term effects and the risks of unregulated use. Regulators and health agencies have not established a safe human exposure level.
Cardarine is a synthetic compound also known as GW501516, GW-501516, and sometimes endurobol. It was developed as a selective agonist of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta, a nuclear receptor involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy metabolism. The compound was studied in preclinical models for metabolic and cardiovascular conditions, but it did not become a marketed human medicine. In regulatory and anti-doping contexts, it is treated as a prohibited substance rather than a licensed medicine.
| Property | Value | Notes |
|---|---|---|
| CAS Registry Number | 317318-70-0 | Unique identifier for the compound. |
| Chemical class | PPARδ agonist | Synthetic ligand for peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor delta. |
| Appearance | White to off-white solid | Typical form of research-grade material. |
| Solubility | Soluble in DMSO and ethanol | Poorly soluble in water. |
| Typical storage | -20°C | Recommended for long-term storage of stock solutions. |
Preclinical research reported that GW501516 increased running endurance in mice and improved lipid profiles in some animal species. Early human trials explored effects on high-density lipoprotein cholesterol, triglycerides, and glucose handling, but the program was discontinued. Published human data are sparse and do not establish efficacy for any condition. Studies also examined PPAR delta in cancer biology, with conflicting findings across models. The relationship between receptor activation, tissue context, and disease risk remains an active area of investigation.
Anti-doping laboratories identify GW501516 and its metabolites using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Urine is the usual matrix, and detection can occur after the parent compound has cleared from blood. The exact detection window depends on dose, formulation, individual metabolism, and assay sensitivity. Because the compound is prohibited at all times, athletes are subject to testing in and out of competition. Analytical methods continue to improve as new metabolites and designer analogs are characterized.
GW501516 acts as a ligand for PPAR delta, a nuclear receptor that regulates transcription of genes involved in fatty acid oxidation and energy use. Activation of this receptor in skeletal muscle shifts metabolism toward fat burning in animal models. The compound does not burn fat directly; it changes gene expression over hours to days. Researchers study it to understand metabolic flexibility and exercise adaptation. Effects observed in rodents are not automatically expected in humans.
Cardarine is frequently described as a fat-burning or endurance-enhancing supplement, but these claims exceed the available evidence. The compound is not a hormone, steroid, or selective androgen receptor modulator. Research articles discuss it as a tool compound for studying PPARδ biology, while anti-doping literature focuses on its abuse and detection. Quality of unapproved products is uncertain, and independent analyses have found impurities or incorrect labeling. Open questions include whether human cancer risk resembles that seen in rodents and how often non-athletes use the substance.
Cardarine has no approved therapeutic indication and is not marketed as a medicine. The World Anti-Doping Agency lists GW501516 as a prohibited substance at all times, covering both in-competition and out-of-competition periods. National laws vary: some countries treat it as an unapproved drug subject to import controls, while others have specific restrictions on sale for human consumption. It is often sold as a research chemical, a label that does not imply safety or legality. Enforcement actions have targeted online vendors and shipments.
=== Nutrition, food, and drink === Diet has little influence on the body's detoxification, and there is no evidence that detoxification diets rid the body of toxins. Toxins are metabolized and removed from the bloodstream by the liver and kidneys, and they are primarily removed from the body in urine and bile (excreted with the feces). Drinking milk or consuming other dairy products does not increase mucus production. As a result, they do not need to be avoided by those with the flu or cold congestion. However, milk and saliva in one's mouth mix to create a thick liquid that can briefly coat the mouth and throat. The sensation that lingers may be mistaken for increased phlegm. Drinking eight glasses (2–3 liters) of water a day is not needed to maintain health. The amount of water needed varies by person, weight, diet, activity level, clothing, and the ambient temperature and humidity. Water requirements can be met from liquids such as juices, tea, milk, soups, etc., and from foods including fruits and vegetables. Drinking coffee and other caffeinated beverages does not cause dehydration for regular drinkers, although it can for occasional drinkers. Eating disorders do not exclusively affect women; women are merely more likely than men to suffer from eating disorders. Neither spicy food nor coffee has a significant effect on the development of peptic ulcers. Sugar does not cause clinical hyperactivity in children.
Baeckeoffe, a potato stew from Alsace Beef bourguignon, a French dish of beef stewed in red burgundy wine Bigos, a traditional stew in Polish cuisine Birria, a traditional stew from Mexico Bo kho (Vietnamese: bò kho), a beef stew in rich seasonings, served with bread, noodle or plain rice from Vietnam Bollito misto, consisting of beef, veal, and pork simmered in an aromatic vegetable broth from Italy Booyah, an American meat stew Bosnian pot, a stew with beef or lamb which is a national dish in Bosnia and Herzegovina Bouillabaisse, a fish stew from Provence Brongkos, a spicy Javanese meat with beans stew from Indonesia, made of Pangium edule, coconut milk, and various spices Brunswick stew, from Virginia and the Carolinas Burgoo, a Kentuckian stew Brudet, fish stew from Dalmatia regions, known in Greece as bourdeto Caldeirada, a fish stew from Portugal Carbonade flamande (stoofvlees), a traditional Belgian beef and onion stew made with Belgian beer Cawl, a Welsh stew Chakapuli, a Georgian stew made with lamb chops, coriander and tarragon leaves, and white wine Chanakhi, a Georgian lamb stew with tomatoes, aubergines, potatoes, greens, and garlic Charquicán, a Chilean dish Chicken mull, whole chicken and seasonings Chicken paprikash, chicken stew with paprika Chili con carne, a meat and chili pepper stew originating in Texas Chilorio, a pork stew from Sinaloa, Mexico Cincinnati chili, developed by Macedonian immigrants from Greece immigrants in the Cincinnati area Cholent, a slow-cooked Jewish dish Chorba (also spelt "shorba"), a stew like soup dish found in various North African, Middle Eastern, Central Asian, South Asian, and European cuisines Cochinita pibil, an orange color pork stew from Yucatán Peninsula, Mexico Cocido, a traditional Spanish and Portuguese strew with many variants (madrileño, montañés, à portuguesa, etc.) Cotriade, a fish stew from Brittany Cream stew, a yōshoku Japanese white stew Crow stew, a sour cream-based stew made with crow meat, popular in the United States during the Great Depression Daal, the Indian legume stew that has many varieties, a staple food throughout Asia Dalma, a traditional dish of Odisha, India; contains pulses with vegetables Daube, a French stew made with cubed beef braised in wine, vegetables, garlic, and herbs Dinuguan, pork blood stew from the Philippines Eintopf, ('one pot') the German word for a stew: many different regional specialty recipes for Eintopf are known in Germany. For example, the Kassel area has a type called Lumben un Fleeh in the local dialect (Standard German: Lumpen und Flöhe – 'rags and fleas'), which is quite similar to Irish stew. There are thicker German stews such as Hasenpfeffer or Labskaus; these would not usually be considered an Eintopf, though the technical difference is minor (longer cooking times and fewer vegetables) Estofadong baboy, pork stew from the Philippines Ewedu, vegetable stew from Nigeria Fabada asturiana, an Asturian bean and meat stew Feijoada, Brazilian or Portuguese bean stew Fårikål, traditional Norwegian stew with lamb or mutton and white cabbage Főzelék, a thick Hungarian vegetable dish Gaisburger Marsch, a German dish of stewed beef served with Spätzle and potatoes Gheimeh, an Iranian stew with cubed lamb and yellow split peas Ghormeh sabzi, an Iranian stew with green herbs, dried limes, beans, and sheep meat Goulash, a Hungarian meat stew with paprika Gumbo, a Louisiana creole dish Hachee, a Dutch type of stew with wine or vinegar Haleem, an Indian-Pakistani lentil and beef stew Hasenpfeffer, a sour, marinated rabbit stew from Germany Hayashi rice, a Japanese dish of beef, onions and mushrooms in red wine and demi-glace sauce, served with rice Irish stew, made with lamb or mutton, potato, onion, and parsley Ishtu, a curry in Kerala, India made from chicken or mutton, potato, and coconut milk Istrian stew or yota, or jota, a dish popular in Croatian and Slovenian Istra and NE Italy I-tal stew, a Rastafarian vegan dish of mostly Caribbean root vegetables and spices Jjigae, a diverse range of Korean stews Kaldereta, a goat meat stew from the Philippines Kalops, a traditional Swedish beef stew, with onions and carrots, served with potatoes and pickled beets Kare-kare, stewed beef or oxtail and vegetables in peanut sauce from the Philippines Karelian hot pot, from the region of Karelia in eastern Finland Kharcho is a traditional Georgian soup containing beef, rice, cherry plum purée, and chopped walnuts Khash, a traditional Armenian/Azerbaijani dish of pig's or cow's feet Khoresht, a variety of Persian stews, often prepared with saffron Kokkinisto, Greek stew with red meat, in a tomato passata with shallots, cinnamon, and other spices Kuurdak, a type of stew from Central Asia Kuzhambu, (also called Pulusu or Saaru, depending on region) a range of stews from southern India based on tamarind broth and vegetables, meat or fish Lobscouse, a Norwegian stew with beef, potato, onion, and carrot Lancashire hotpot, an English stew Lecsó, a summertime favourite in Hungary, vegetable stew with bell pepper and tomato as main ingredients Linseneintopf ("lentil stew") Lobby, a stew from Staffordshire, England Locro, a stew (mainly in the Andes region) Machanka, a Belarus and Ukraine pork stew Matelote, a French fish stew made with freshwater fish, fish stock, and wine Mechado, a Philippine beef stew Moppelkotze Moqueca, a Brazilian stew with fish (or shrimp, crab, or other seafood) as its main ingredient Mućkalica, a Serbian stew Nihari, an Indian meat stew, usually made with goat, chicken, lamb and less commonly beef. It is made overnight and served for breakfast. Nikujaga, a Japanese beef and potato stew Oil down, national dish of Grenada, made of breadfruit, salted meat, chicken, dumplings, callaloo, coconut milk, and spices Olla podrida, a Spanish red bean stew Pašticada, a Croatian stew from the region of Dalmatia Peperonata, an Italian stew made with peppers Pepposo, a Tuscan beef stew Pescado blanco, a white fish stew from Pátzcuaro, Michoacán, Mexico Pichelsteiner a traditional German stew Pörkölt, a Hungarian meat stew resembling goulash, flavoured with paprika Potjiekos, a South African stew Pot-au-feu, a simple French beef stew Pozole, a Mexican stew or soup Puchero, a stew from Andalusia, Spain, also common in South America and the Philippines Ratatouille, a French vegetable stew Rendang, an Indonesian spicy beef stew Ragoût, a French stew Sāmbār, a lentil-based spiced vegetable stew, cooked with pigeon pea and tamarind broth in South Indian cuisine Sancocho, a stew from the Caribbean Scouse, a stew commonly eaten by sailors throughout Northern Europe, popular in seaports such as Liverpool Semur, a typical Indonesian stew with beef or chicken, potatoes, carrots, various spices, and kecap manis (sweet soy sauce) Stufato, an Italian stew Steckrübeneintopf (based on rutabaga) Slumgullion, a watery stew of meat and vegetables Tagine, a Moroccan stew, named after the conical pot in which it is traditionally cooked or served Tocană, a Romanian stew prepared with tomato, garlic, and sweet paprika Tharid, a traditional Arab stew of bread in broth Wat, an Ethiopian and Eritrean stew Waterzooi, a Belgian stew Yahni, a Greek (γιαχνί), Turkish, and Persian stew
The saw-scaled viper (Echis carinatus) is small, but its unpredictability, aggressive temper, and lethal venom potency make it very dangerous. This species is one of the fastest striking snakes in the world, and mortality rates for those bitten are very high. In India alone, the saw-scaled viper is responsible for an estimated 5,000 human fatalities annually. However, because it ranges from Pakistan, India (in rocky regions of Maharashtra, Rajasthan, Uttar Pradesh and Punjab), Sri Lanka, parts of the Middle East and Africa north of the equator, is believed to cause more human fatalities every year than any other snake species. In drier regions of the African continent, such as the Sahel and savannas, the saw-scaled vipers inflict up to 90% of all bites. The rate of envenomation is over 80%. The saw-scaled viper also produces a particularly painful bite. This species produces on the average of about 18 mg of dry venom by weight, with a recorded maximum of 72 mg. It may inject as much as 12 mg, whereas the lethal dose for an adult human is estimated to be only 5 mg. Envenomation results in local symptoms as well as severe systemic symptoms that may prove fatal. Local symptoms include swelling and intense pain, which appear within minutes of a bite. In very bad cases the swelling may extend up the entire affected limb within 12–24 hours and blisters form on the skin. Of the more dangerous systemic symptoms, hemorrhage and coagulation defects are the most striking. Hematemesis, melena, hemoptysis, hematuria and epistaxis also occur and may lead to hypovolemic shock.
Garden officials called the plans "pie-in-the-sky", but on July 24, 2013, the New York City Council voted 47–1 to give the Garden a ten-year operating permit, after which the owners would have to move or seek permission anew. In January 2016, at the same time he announced the development of Moynihan Train Hall, New York governor Andrew Cuomo announced he would solicit proposals for the redevelopment of the station under the Garden as a public-private partnership called the Empire Station Complex. In June 2023, nearing the end of the ten-year permit granted in 2013, the MTA, Amtrak, and NJ Transit filed a report stating Madison Square Garden was no longer compatible with Penn Station, saying, "MSG's existing configuration and property boundaries impose severe constraints." On September 14, 2023, the New York City Council voted 48–0 to renew the operating permit for Madison Square Garden for five years, the shortest-ever granted to the Garden by the city.
Balances for accurately measuring materials. Laboratory glassware, such as burettes and pipettes, for performing titrations. Colorimeters for solution tests which apply the Beer–Lambert law. Spectrophotometer to measure the concentrations of the key parameter nitrate and other nutrients, such as phosphate, sulfate or iron. Containers for growing and storing the plants. Using chemical equipment for hydroponic solutions can be beneficial to growers of any background because nutrient solutions are often reusable. Because nutrient solutions are virtually never completely depleted, and should never be due to the unacceptably low osmotic pressure that would result, re-fortification of old solutions with new nutrients can save growers money and can control point source pollution, a common source for the eutrophication of nearby lakes and streams.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
== Computer database analysis == The peak list obtained through spectrometric means is used as the query in a database search using the software MASCOT. The MASCOT software uses an algorithm that looks for significant peptide sequence homology to present the most statistically likely protein in the sample, based on the results. In performing the search, you much choose a database to go through. Such databases include, among others, Swissprot, often used when researching well characterized organisms like humans, mice, and yeasts; and NCBInr for more general, robust searches. A detailed tutorial on using MASCOT software can be found in a link below.
The IDF is an integrated military force, without a separate ground arm from 1948 to 1998, when the Ground Forces were formally brought under a single command now known as GOC Army Headquarters (Hebrew: מפקדת זרוע היבשה, Mifkedet Zro'a HaYabasha, abbreviated Mazi). The Ground Forces are not yet a formal arm of the IDF, in the same way that the Israeli Air Force and Israeli Navy are.
Star anise contains anethole, the same compound that gives anise, an unrelated plant, its flavor. Star anise has come into use in the West as a less expensive substitute for anise in baking, as well as in liquor production, most distinctively in the production of the liqueur Galliano. Star anise enhances the flavor of meat. It is used as a spice in preparation of biryani and masala chai in some parts of the Indian subcontinent. It is widely used in Chinese cuisine, and in Malay and Indonesian cuisines. It is widely grown for commercial use in China, India, and most other countries in Asia. Star anise is an ingredient of the traditional five-spice powder of Chinese cooking. It is also a major ingredient in the making of phở, a Vietnamese noodle soup. It is also used in the French recipe of mulled wine, vin chaud (hot wine). If allowed to steep in coffee, it deepens and enriches the flavor. The pods can be used in this manner multiple times by the potful or cup, as the ease of extraction of the taste components increases with the permeation of hot water.
=== Mechanism of action === Clinafloxacin's antibiotic mechanism of action, like other fluoroquinolones is derived from its activity against type II topoisomerases DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Clinafloxacin has been described as a broad-spectrum antibiotic due to its activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. In addition, clinafloxacin has antibiotic activity against anaerobic bacteria, including the facultative anaerobe Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Clinafloxacin's activity against anaerobic bacteria is higher than that of most other fluoroquinolones, including ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin, and moxifloxacin.
Sources: en.wikipedia.org
Cardarine is a common name for GW501516, a synthetic PPARδ agonist developed for research. It has not been approved as a medication in any country. It is classified as an unapproved drug and a prohibited substance in sport.
No. Cardarine is not an anabolic steroid; it belongs to a different chemical class that targets PPARδ. Steroids act primarily through androgen receptors, while cardarine acts through a nuclear receptor involved in metabolism.
Some rodent studies reported increased endurance and changes in fat metabolism after cardarine exposure. Long-term studies in animals also raised concerns about cancer in certain tissues. Human trial data are limited, so these findings cannot be directly translated to people.
Cardarine is an investigational synthetic compound that acts as a PPARδ agonist. It is also known as GW501516 and has been studied mainly in preclinical research. It is not an approved medicine.